Cytotoxic Activity of N-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Ethanol Extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus against A549 Lung Cancer Cells
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Abstract
Lung cancer mortality is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with limited treatment efficacy and high risk of side effects posing significant challenges in its management. Exploration of alternative therapies with better efficacy and lower toxicity is crucial. This study investigates various parts of the Hibiscus tiliaceus plant, including the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) for extraction to assess their cytotoxic potential. Human lung cancer A549 cells were used as the model and tested using the MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) to measure cell viability based on the metabolic activity of these extracts. The concentrations ranged from 31.25 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL, with doxorubicin as the positive control. Absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm using a microplate reader. From these extracts, data were obtained to calculate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) and cell viability. The ethanol extract demonstrated the most potent cytotoxic effect, with an IC₅₀ value of 18.7634 µg/mL, categorized as highly toxic according to cytotoxicity classification standards. These findings suggest that ethanol extracts from Hibiscus tiliaceus, particularly from specific plant parts, exhibit promising anticancer activity and have the potential for further development as a lung cancer agent with minimal side effects.
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