Anticancer Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kleinhovia hospita L. Leaves Against HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth in the colon or rectum and is strongly associated with increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 activation enhances cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis, thereby promoting cancer progression. Leaves of Kleinhovia hospita are known to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, which may serve as anticancer agents by inhibiting COX-2 activity. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of bioactive compounds in the ethanol extracts of Kleinhovia hospita L. leaves using both in vitro and in silico approaches. The extract was obtained by maceration with 96% ethanol. Cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells was evaluated using the MTT assay at extract concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/mL. LC-MS analysis identified the compounds, which were further screened using PASS Online, ProTox 3.0, and Lipinski’s rule, followed by molecular docking against COX-2. The ethanol extract showed moderate cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 85.113 µg/mL. Fourteen compounds were predicted to possess anticancer-related bioactivities based on in silico screening. Among them, N-trans-Feruloyltyramine demonstrated strong binding to COX-2 with an affinity of –8.3798 kcal/mol, surpassing the native ligand. These findings indicate that the ethanol extract of K. hospita leaves and its bioactive constituents may contribute to anticancer activity, potentially through COX-2–related pathways, as suggested by in silico analyses.
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