Topical Effectiveness of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Leaf Extract on Healing of Cut Wounds in Female Wistar Rats

Abstract

Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon leaves) has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This research investigates the wound-healing efficacy of ointments formulated with bitter melon leaf extract. The extract was incorporated into ointments at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, and the formulations were compared with a negative control (base ointment) and a positive control consisting of Betadine® ointment (povidone–iodine 10% w/w). All preparations were applied topically once daily at approximately 0.1 g per wound. Wound recovery was assessed macroscopically using the Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation (REEDA) scale, along with histopathological examinations conducted on day 15. Findings indicated that the 10% extract formulation provided the most effective acceleration of wound closure, with a median healing time of 8 days and superior histopathological outcomes in terms of re-epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Statistical analyses using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests confirmed significant differences among groups (p < 0.05), revealing a non-linear dose–response pattern. The 15% formulation demonstrated reduced effectiveness, potentially related to increased viscosity or concentration-related cytotoxic effects. Overall, the study supports the potential of Momordica charantia L. extract, at an optimal concentration, as a promising plant-derived topical agent for wound healing.