Phytochemical Study and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Activities of Acacia nilotica (L.) Stem-Eark Extracts
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Historically, plants have helped man in the healing and treatment of various diseases. Acacia nilotica is a plant used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, Diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. In this work, we investigated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of the crude methanol extract, fractions, and flavonoid extract of A. nilotica stem bark, as well as determined the flavonoid and volatile compound content of the crude extracts. The powdered stem bark was soaked in methanol for 72 h, and the resulting extract was partitioned using n-hexane and ethyl acetate to yield the fractions. The quantity of flavonoids of the plant was determined, and the crude extracts and fractions were screened for secondary metabolites. The reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay protocols were explored for antioxidant studies. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was determined preliminarily using the starch–iodine test. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) determined the flavonoid constituents, while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) determined the volatile compound constituents. All the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and anthraquinones. Reducing power and DPPH activities, which increase with concentration, were observed in the crude methanol extract (ANSM). The results are significantly similar (p>0.05) to ethyl acetate (ANSME), residual methanol fractions (ANSMR), and flavonoid extract (ANBF). ANSM, ANSMR and ANBF indicated positive alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. HPLC identified quercetin and other polyphenols, while GC-MS identified several volatile compounds with medicinal relevance. These results support the traditional uses of A. nilotica and may be a possible source of pharmacologically active compounds.
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