Potency of Fonio Millet to Attenuate Diabetes and Diabetes Related Cardiovascular Diseases
oi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i9.18
Abstract
Diabetes has been described as one of the progenitors of cardiovascular diseases. Many
researchers have focused their attention on the inherent medicinal potency of herbs in combating
diseases with grains highly neglected for their medicinal values. This study is aimed at
evaluating the potency of fonio millet (Digitaria exilis) to attenuate diabetes and diabetes related
cardiovascular diseases. Twenty-five (25) Wistar rats, selected into five groups of 5 animals per
group were used for the study.Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection) was used to
induce diabetes. The rats were treated daily with 500 mg/kg aqueous extract of fonio millet, 10%
and 20% fonio millet supplemented diets, respectively for a period of 14days. Fasting blood
glucose was monitored at intervals of 7days. Malondialdehyde (MDA), some antioxidant
enzymes and nitric oxide were assayed in heart homogenate after the 14th day. Streptozotocin
(STZ) caused significant (p<0.05) increases in fasting blood glucose from day 1-14 in relation to
the basal values. Groups treated with 10% and 20% fonio millet supplemented diet demonstrated
significant (p<0.05) fasting blood glucose reduction from day 7-14th. Oral administration of 500
mg/kg aqueous extract did not show any significant change in fasting blood glucose level. The
activities of the assayed antioxidant enzymes, MDA and nitric oxide levels were unchanged in
all the groups when compared with the control. These findings suggest that 500 mg of aqueous
extract of fonio millet did not demonstrate anti-diabetic effect. Whereas 10% and 20% fonio
millet supplemented diet demonstrated hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic potential.
Keywords: Attenuate, Diabetes, Fonio millet, Nitric oxide, Streptozotocin.
References
Omotayo OE. Management of diabetes mellitus: could simultaneous targeting of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress be a better panacea. Int J Mol Sci. 2012; 13:2965-2972.
Li S, Xu H, Cui S, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su M. Discovery and rational design of natural-product-derived 2Phenyl-3,4- ihydro2Hbenzo[f ]chromen-3-amine analogs as novel and potent dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem. 2016; 59:6772–
Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005; 54(6):1615-1625.
John RP, Tomasz JG, Rhian MT. Diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: Clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 38(5):575-584.
Naseem KM. The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Aspect Med. 2005; 26(1-2):33-65.
Jideani IA and Jideani VA. Development of the cereal grains Digitaria exilis (acha) and Digitaria iburua (iburu). J Food Sci Technol. 2011; 48(3):251-259.
Koréissi-Dembélé Y, Fanou-Fogny N, Hulshof PJ, Brouwer ID. Fonio (Digitariaexilis) landraces in Mali: Nutrient and phytate content, genetic diversity and effect of processing. J Food Comp Anal. 2013; 29(2):134-143.
Egbebi AO, Muhammad AA. Assessment of physicochemical and phytochemical properties of white fonio (Digitaria exilis) flour. Int J BioPharma Sci. 2016; 2(1):17- 21.
National Institute of Health. Institutional Animal Care and use Committee Guidebook, NIH Publication. Washington, D. C: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. 92-345 p.
Osibemhe M, Ibrahim M, Onoagbe IO. AntiDiabeticPotentialAssessment of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Arrow Poison
Strophanthushispidus) Plant Stem Bark in Wistar Male Rats. JAppl Sci Environ Manage. 2019; 23(4):603-609.
Osibemhe M, Bello OM, Lawal N. Prognosis of Diabetes Complications and Efficacy of Guierasenegalensis Aqueous Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin Induced-Diabetic Rats.J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2018; 22:(8):1325–1329.
Cohen GJ, Dembiec D, Marcus J. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Ann Biochem. 1970; 34:30-38.
Chance B and Maehly AC. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. MethEnzymol. II. 1955; 2:764–775.
Ellman GL. Determination of sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959; 82:70-77.
Buege JA and Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Meth Enzymol. 1978; 52:302-310..
Guevara I , Iwanejko J, Dembińska-Kieć A, Pankiewicz J, Wanat A, Anna P, Gołabek I, Bartuś S, MalczewskaMalec M, SzczudlikA. Determination of nitrite/nitrate in human biological material by the simple Griess reaction. ClinChim Acta. 1998; 274(2):177-188.
Valeska O, Soumyalekshmi N, Omar E, Claudo A, Carlos S, Felipe AZ. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. CardiovascDiabetol. 2018; 17:122.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabet Care. 2010; 33:S62–S69.
Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetolog. 2003; 46:760–765.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA. 1988; 260:2864–2871.
Szkudelski T. The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in β cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol Res. 2001; 50:536-546.
Damasceno DC, Netto AO, Iessi IL, Gallego FQ, Corvino SB, Dallaqua B, Sinzato YK, Bueno A, Calderon IMP, Rudge MVC. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Models: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Fetal Outcomes. BioMed Res Int. 2014; 2014:1-11.
Caroline H, Stefan K, Margrit K, Christiana G, Ayman MA, Andreas LB, Ulrike D, Martin AO, Martin OW, Andreas FHP. Fibre supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and improvement of glucose metabolism: the randomised controlled Optimal Fibre Trial (OptiFiT).
Diabetolog. 2018; 61:1295–1305.
Ley SH, Hamdy OM, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014; 383:1999–2007.
Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Fibre and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and metaanalysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:956–965.
De Munter JS, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Franz M, Van Dam RM. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007; 4:1385-1394.
Raquel D, Juan JG, José DM, Matilde S, Ana MS, Ángela PC, Nélida F. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potential of a High Fibre Diet in Healthy versus Diabetic Rabbits. BioMed Res Int. 2013; 2013:1-8.
Weickert MO, Mohlig M, Koebnick C. Impact of cereal fibre on glucose regulating factors. Diabetologia. 2005; 48:2343–2353.
El Barky AR, Hussein SA, Alm-Eldeen AE, Hafez YA, Mohamed TM.Saponins and their potential role in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Manag. 2017; 7(1):148–158.
Frank JK and Julia CF. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease outcomes following exposure to ambient air pollution. Free Rad Biol Med. 2017; 110:345- 367.
Miller MR, Shaw CA, Langrish JP. From particles to patients: oxidative stress and the cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Future Cardiol. 2012; 8(4):577–602.
Cengel A and Sahinarslan A. Nitric oxide and cardiovascular system. AnadoluKardiyol Derg. 2006; 6:384-388.
ADA. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus,Diabet Care. 2012; 35:64-71.
Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K, Aikawa M, Nakamura S, Ogawa H, Libby P. Hypochlorous acid, a macrophage product, induces endothelial apoptosis and tissue factor expression: Involvement of myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidant in plaque erosion and thrombogenesis. ArteriosclerThrombVasc Biol. 2004; 24:1309–1314.
Touyz RM and Briones AM. Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: Implications in human hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2011; 34:5–14.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
