Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Evaluation of Melastoma malabathricum L.: an Indonesian Traditional Medicinal Plant
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i5.5
Keywords:
Antioxidant, Free radical scavenging, Infectious disease, Melastoma malabathricum L, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide threat to public health and traditional medicinal plants may provide a simple solution to overcome this problem. Many plants are known to contain antioxidants such as polyphenols and flavonoids which are active agents against pathogens. To find phytochemicals to boost the immune system naturally, it is essential to investigate new plant sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials. Melastoma malabathricum L. belongs to the Melastomataceae family and is traditionally used to treat several ailments related to infectious diseases, i.e. wounds, dysentery, diarrhea, stomachache, and toothaches. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and fractions of M. malabathricum leaves. Antibacterial effect was tested against selected strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using microdilution assay while antioxidant activity was analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against aureus and MRSA with MIC 1 mg/mL (0.1% b/v) and the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 of 43.30 µg/mL with DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the presence of the flavonoid contents by citroboric reagent. Extracts and fractions of M. malabathricum leaves revealed that the potential activity against selected bacterial and DPPH assay might be due to the presence of phenolic substances. These findings support the usage of these plants as a traditional medicine for wound healing and further investigations are needed to identify the active constituents.
References
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12(4):564-582.
Naczk M and Shahidi F. Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: occurrence, extraction and analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006; 41(5):1523-1542.
Sai K, Thapa R, Devkota HP, Joshi KR. Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibitory activities of selected medicinal plants from Western Nepal. Medicines. 2019; 6(2):1-9.
Szerlauth A, Muráth S, Viski S, Szilagyi I. Radical scavenging activity of plant extracts from improved processing. Heliyon. 2019; 5(11):e02763.
Ahmadinejad F, Geir Møller S, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Bidkhori G, Jami M-S. Molecular mechanisms behind free radical scavengers function against oxidative stress. Antioxidants. 2017; 6(3):51.
Murthy HN, Herlekar VV, Joseph KS, Payamalle S, Shinde S. Phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Plectranthus rotundifolius tuber extracts. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2018; 24(2):213-220.
Akar Z, Küçük M, Doğan H. A new colorimetric DPPH• scavenging activity method with no need for a spectrophotometer applied on synthetic and natural antioxidants and medicinal herbs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2017; 32(1):640-647.
Jaradat NA, Al-Masri M, Zaid AN, Hussein F, Al-Rimawi F, Mokh JA, Ghonaim S. Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant preliminary screening of a traditional Palestinianmedicinal plant, Ononis pubescens L. Eur J Integr Med. 2017; 14:46-51.
Kuok C-F, Hoi S-O, Hoi C-F, Chan C-H, Fong I-H, Ngok C-K, Meng L-R, Fong P. Synergistic antibacterial effects of herbal extracts and antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A computational and experimental study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017; 42(7):731-743.
Sussman G. Antimicrobial resistance relating to wound management and infection. Wound Practice & Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association. 2016; 24(4):224-227.
Subramani R, Narayanasamy M, Feussner K-D. Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug-resistant human pathogens. 3 Biotech. 2017; 7(3):1-15.
Bhat A and Raveesha KA. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of the extracts of Melastoma malabathricum and Holigarna arnottiana, important medicinal plants of Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Res J Pharm, Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5(6):696-701.
Susanti D, Sirat HM, Ahmad F, Ali RM. Bioactive constituents from the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 2008; 5(1):1-8.
Sunilson J, Anandarajagopal K, Kumari A, Mohan S. Antidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastoma malabathricumlinn. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009; 71(6):691-695.
Zakaria ZA, Rofiee MS, Mohamed AM, Teh LK, Salleh MZ. In vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of the extracts of Melastoma malabathricumleaves. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011; 4(4):248-256.
Balamurugan K, Nishanthini A, Mohan VR. Antiulcer activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. leaf extracts (Melastomataceae). Int J Adv Res. 2013; 1(5):49-52.
Wong K-C, Hag Ali DM, Boey P-L. Chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Nat Prod Res. 2012; 26(7):609-618.
Yoshida T, Nakata F, Hosotani K, Nitta A, Okudat T. Dimeric hydrolysable tannins from Melastoma malabathricum. Phytochemistry. 1992; 31(8):2829-2833.
Joffry SMohd, Yob NJ, Rofiee MS, Affandi MMRMM, Suhaili Z, Othman F, Akim AMd, Desa MNM, Zakaria ZA. Melastoma malabathricum (L.) Smith Ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological properties: A Review. EvidBased Compl Alt Med. 2012; 2012:1-48.
Sampaio BL, Edrada-Ebel R, Da Costa FB. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci Rep. 2016; 6 (1):29265.
Raza A, Razzaq A, Mehmood SS, Zou X, Zhang X, Lv Y, Xu J. Impact of climate change on crops adaptation and strategies to tackle its outcome: A Review. Plants. 2019; 8 (2):1-29.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 1998.
Sonibare MA, Aremu OT, Okorie PN. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of solvent fractions of Vernonia cinerea(L.) Less leaf extract. Afr H Sci. 2016; 16 (2):629-639.
Nugraha AS, Permatasari AEN, Kadarwenny CP, Pratoko DK, Triatmoko B, Rosyidi VA, Norcahyanti I, Dewi IP, Dianasari D, Sary IP, Wangchuk P. Phytochemical screening and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants of Meru Betiri National Park – Indonesia. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2020; 26 (3):303-314.
Grosvenor PW, Gothard PK, McWilliam NC, Supriono A, Gray DO. Medicinal plants from Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Part 1: Uses. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 45 (2):75-95.
Yeung AWK, Heinrich M, Kijjoa A, Tzvetkov NT, Atanasov AG. The ethnopharmacological literature: An analysis of the scientific landscape. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020; 250:112414.
Koh HL, Chua TK, Tan CH. A guide to medicinal plants—an illustrated, scientific and medicinal approach. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2009; 15 (3):290-290.
Bhardwaj S and Gakhar SK. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Mizoram to cure cuts & wounds. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2005; 4 (1):75-80.
Begum D and Nath SC. Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants used for skin diseases and related problems in Northeastern India. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2000; 7(3):55-93.
Muflihah CH, Haryoto H, Indrayudha P. Cytotoxic assay of semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple (Annona Squamosa L.) stem bark on T47D Cells. Pharmacon. 2020; 17(2):148-156.
Osonga FJ, Akgul A, Miller RM, Eshun GB, Yazgan I, Akgul A, Sadik OA. Antimicrobial activity of a new class of phosphorylated and modified flavonoids. ACS Omega. 2019; 4(7):12865-12871.
Tavares TD, Antunes JC, Padrão J, Ribeiro AI, Zille A, Amorim MT, Ferreira F, Felgueiras HP. Activity of specialized biomolecules against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(6):314.
Okwu MU, Olley M, Akpoka AO, Izevbuwa OE. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS Microbiol. 2019; 5(2):117-137.
Ríos JL and Recio MC. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(1-2):80-84.
Jun M, Fu H-Y, Hong J, Wan X, Yang CS, Ho C-T. Comparison of antioxidant activities of isoflavones from Kudzu Root (Pueraria lobata Ohwi). J Food Science. 2003; 68(6):2117-2122.
Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004; 26(2):212-219.
Hong S, Pangloli P, Perumal R, Cox S, Noronha LE, Dia VP, Smolensky D. A comparative study on phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory capacity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Sorghum in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(12):1-20.
Senhaji S, Lamchouri F, Bouabid K, Assem N, Haouari ME, Bargach K, Toufik H. Phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of aqueous and organic extracts of a Moroccan ajuga iva subsp. Pseudoiva. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2020; 26(3):248-266.
Liaudanskas M, Zymonė K, Viškelis J, Klevinskas A, Janulis V. Determination of the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of pear extracts. J Chem. 2017; 2017:1-9.
Ouerghemmi I, Bettaieb Rebey I, Rahali FZ, Bourgou S, Pistelli L, Ksouri R, Marzouk B, Saidani TM. Antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds from extracts of cultivated and wild-grown Tunisian Ruta chalepensis. J Food Drug Anal. 2017; 25(2):350-359.
Barku V. Wound healing: contributions from plant secondary metabolite antioxidants. In: Hakan Dogan k, ed. wound healing - current perspectives. London: IntechOpen; 2019; 49-63p.
Sahreen S, Khan MR, Khan RA. Evaluation of antioxidant profile of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca leaves: an edible plant. Chem Cent J. 2017; 11(1):83.
Banji A, Goodluck B, Oluchi O, Stephen F. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of crude methanol extract and fractions of Andrographis paniculata leaf (Family: Acanthaceae) (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex Nees. Jordan J Bio Sci. 2018; 11(1):23-30.
Budovsky A, Yarmolinsky L, Ben-Shabat S. Effect of medicinal plants on wound healing: Effect of medicinal plants. Wound Rep Reg. 2015; 23(2):171-183.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
