Comparative Study of the Yield of Reducing Sugar from Hydrolysis of Ximenia caffra  Seed Coat and Phoenix dactylifera Stone Using Bioalkali Extracted from Plantain Peel: doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i4.2

Yusuf O. Usman; Kehinde  I. Omoniyi; Nsidibeabasi C. Nwokem; Sule A. Maikano; Calvin O. Nwokem

Authors

Yusuf O. Usman Basic Research Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Kehinde I. Omoniyi Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Nsidibeabasi C. Nwokem Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Sule A. Maikano Basic Research Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Calvin O. Nwokem Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Keywords:

Date palm stone,, Sour plum seed coat,, Lignocellulose,, Bioalkali (BioKOH),, Plantain peel,, Reducing sugars.

Abstract

Lignocelluloses comprising cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin among others can be pretreated with cost effective method to yield fermentable sugar, using waste agricultural residues as pretreatment chemical and substrates. This study was aimed at investigating the potential of bioalkali extracted from plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peel ash as a viable alternative alkaline reagent for the pretreatment of Ximenia caffra seed coat and Phoenix dactylifera stone. The ash of burnt plantain peel was characterized using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy with the oxide of potassium as the dominant oxide (54.2 wt%), the concentrations of the potash alkali
(BioKOH) extracted were quantified titrimetrically. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design was used as the response surface method to design the hydrolysis process. The factors of BioKOH concentrations (0.022–1.950%), Solid to liquid ratio (1:30-1:90 cm3w/v) for varying treatment times (15–60 min) at a temperature of 121°C were optimized for the hydrolysis. The reducing sugar in the hydrolysates obtained was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and measured using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The pretreatment condition of 0.022% BioKOH, 60 mins and 1:30 cm3w/v was determined to be the most
effective as it utilized the least amount of BioKOH while generating 22.56 mg sugar/g of Phoenix dactylifera stone. The sour plum seed coat gave a better yield of 30.14 mg sugar/g for factors of BioKOH concentrations (0.022%), Solid to liquid ratio (1:60cm3w/v) for varying treatment times (15 min) at 121°C. Therefore, the plantain ash can serve as bioalkaline and can be scaled up for economic benefits.

References

Kallioinen A. Development of pretreatment technology and enzymatic hydrolysis for biorefineries: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; 2014.

O'sullivan AC. Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose 1997;4(3):173-207.

Belkacemi K, Turcotte G, De Halleux D, Savoie P. Ethanol production from AFEX-treated forages and agricultural residues. Appl. Biochem. and Biotech. 1998;70(1):441-462.

Xu J, Cheng JJ, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Burns JC. Lime pretreatment of switchgrass at mild temperatures for ethanol production. Bioresource Tech. 2010;101(8):2900-2903.

Chang VS, Holtzapple MT, editors. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. Twenty-first symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals; Springer. 2000.

Kumar R, Wyman CE. Cellulase adsorption and relationship to features of corn stover solids produced by leading pretreatments. Biotech. and Bioeng. 2009;103(2):252-267.

Raymundo-Pinero E, Azais P, Cacciaguerra T, CazorlaAmorós D, Linares-Solano A, Béguin F. KOH and NaOH activation mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with different structural organisation. Carbon 2005;43(4):786-795.

Yahaya L, Hamzat R, Aroyeun S, Odufuwa M. Production of Liquid detergent from the pods of Kola (Cola nitida). Moor J. Agric. Res. 2012;2(1):7-10.

Zaid A, Arias-Jiménez E. Date palm cultivation. (FAO: Rome). 2002.

Al-Yousef Y, Belyea R, Vandepopuliere J, editors. Sodium hydroxide treatment of date pits. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on the Date Palm in Saudi Arabia; 1986.

Nasser RA, Salem MZ, Hiziroglu S, Al-Mefarrej HA, Mohareb AS, Alam M, et al. Chemical analysis of different parts of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using ultimate, proximate and thermo-gravimetric techniques for energy production. Energies 2016;9(5):374.

Motlhanka D, Motlhanka P, Selebatso T. Edible indigenous wild fruit plants of Eastern Botswana. Int. J. Poultry Sc. 2008;7(5):457-60.

Moyo D, Erlwanger KH, Chivandi E. Effect of graded14. Van Wyk B-E, Gericke N. People's plants: A guide to useful plants of Southern Africa: Briza Publications; 2000.

Onyegbado C, Iyagba E, Offor O. Solid soap production using plantain peel ash as source of alkali. J. Appl. Sc. and Env. Managt. 2002;6(1):73-77.

Onyekwere C. Cassava peels ash: An alternative source of alkali in soap production B. Eng: Thesis Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt; 1996.

Uyigue L, Viele E, Chukwuma F. A Preliminary Assessment of the Potash Biocatalyst Potential of EmptyOil-Palm-Bunch (EOPB) Residues for Biodiesel Production. J. Emerging Trends in Eng. Appl. Sc. (JETEAS). 2013;4(3):446-50.

Babayemi JO, Dauda KT, Nwude DO, Ajiboye JA, Essien ER, Abiona OO. Determination of potash alkali and metal contents of ashes obtained from peels of some varieties of Nigeria Grown Musa species. BioResources. 2010;5(3):1384-92.

Thanapimmetha A, Vuttibunchon K, Saisriyoot M, Srinophakun P, editors. Chemical and microbial hydrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse for ethanol production. World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden; 2011: Linköping University Electronic

Press.

Sukri SSM, Rahman RA, Illias RM, Yaakob H. Optimization of alkaline pretreatment conditions of oil palmreducing sugar production. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2014;19:9006-9018.

Sharma R, Palled V, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Osborne J. Potential of potassium hydroxide pretreatment of switchgrass for fermentable sugar production. Appl. Biochem. and Biotech. 2013;169(3):761-72.

Miller GL. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem. 1959;31(3):426-428.

Olabanji IO, Oluyemi EA, Ajayi OS. Metal analyses of ash derived alkalis from banana and plantain peels (Musa spp.) in soap making. African J. Biotech. 2012;11(99):16512-16518.

Pedersen M, Johansen KS, Meyer AS. Low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment: effects and interactions of pretreatment pH are critical for maximizing enzymatic monosaccharide yields from wheat straw. Biotech. for Biofuels. 2011;4(1):11.