Effect of Sugar Addition and Fermentation Process on Flavonoids, Phenols, and Antioxidant Activity of Telang (<i>Clitoria ternatea</i> L.) Kombucha
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v8i3.39Keywords:
Phenols, Kombucha, Flavonoids, DPPH, Telang flowerAbstract
Kombucha is a popular traditional tea prepared from different parts (leaves and flowers) of medicinal plants, including the leaves of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.). The fermented tea is usually flavoured with sugar. However, the concentration of added sugar affects the content of kombucha phytochemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the content of phenols and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity (DPPH) of telang flower kombucha sweetened with sugar. Three tea formulas were prepared with sugar concentrations of 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The tea's total phenols and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were assessed using UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The results showed an increase in total phenols and flavonoid contents after the fermentation process of telang flower tea into kombucha, from 87.2 to 110.8 ppm and 2.14 to 3.44 ppm, respectively. The highest phenolic content value of 129.6 ppm was obtained at 30% sugar (p<0.05). Results also show that adding sugar was directly proportional to the total flavonoid content (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity increased proportionally to 83.2 ppm at 30% sugar concentration, hence classified under the strong category (p>0.05). Based on the results, the fermentation process and adding sugar could increase the total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in the formulation of telang flower kombucha.
References
Crum H, LaGory A, Katz SE. The big book of kombucha : brewing, flavoring, and enjoying the health benefits of fermented tea. Storey Publishing, LLC. 2016.
Bishop P, Pitts ER, Budner D, Thompson-Witrick KA. Kombucha: Biochemical and microbiological impacts on the chemical and flavor profile. Food Chem Adv. 2022 Oct;1(10):10002.
Arnold S. Tea: A Global History. Asian Aff (Lond). 2012;43(1):113-115.
Suksathan R, Rachkeeree A, Puangpradab R, Kantadoung K, Sommano SR. Phytochemical and nutritional compositions and antioxidant properties of wild edible flowers as sources of new tea formulations. NFS J. 2021;24.
Kresnapati BA, Ramandha MEP, Indriani N. Familiar Edible Flowers in Indonesia. PCJN Pharm Clin J Nusant. 2022 Nov 30;1(01):63–70.
Santos IC dos, Reis SN. Edible Flowers: Traditional And Current Use. Ornam Hortic. 2021;27(4): 438-445.
Ziqing Li, Jianqing Zhang, Qian Meng, Lin Yang, Mingyang Qiu, Yun Li, Shuai Yao, Wenlong Wei, Changliang Yao, Qirui Bi, Jiayuan Li, De-an Guo. The content and distribution of 18 phenolic compounds in 462 batches of edible flowers from 73 species commercially available in China. Food Res Int. 2023;166.
Karel A, Kumar H, Chowdhary B. Clitoria ternatea L. A Miraculous Plant. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;7(09): 672-674.
Afrianto WF, Tamnge F, Hasanah LN. Review: A relation between ethnobotany and bioprospecting of edible flower Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) in Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol. 2020 Oct 20;3(2):51-61.
Fu X, Wu Q, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhu Z. Spectral characteristic, storage stability and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin extracts from flowers of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.). Molecules. 2021;26(22):1-12.
ALshamrani, Salha M., Fatmah A. Safhi, Maysa A. Mobasher, Rasha M. Saleem, Afaf Alharthi, Dalal Sulaiman Alshaya, and Nabil S. Awad. Antiproliferative Effect of Clitoria ternatea Ethanolic Extract against Colorectal, Breast, and Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines. Separations. 2022 Oct 31;9(11):331.
Chandra S. Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Clitoria ternatea Hepatoprotective & Nephroprotective Activity in Rats. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(4-A): 314-319.
Angriani L. The Potential of Extract Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) as a Local Natural Dye for Various Food Industry). Canrea J. 2019;2(1):32–7.
Rezaldi F, Rachmat O, Fadillah MF, Setyaji DY, Saddam A. Telang Flower Kombucha Biotechnology (Clitoria ternatea L) As Antibacterial Salmonella typhi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Based on Palm Sugar Concentration. J Gizi Kerja dan Produkt. 2022;3(1):13.
Gupta GK, Chahal J, Bhatia M. Clitoria ternatea (L.): Old andnew aspects. J Pharm Res. 2015;3:2610–4.
Ayu Martini NK, Ayu Ekawati NG, Timur Ina P. The Effect of Drying Temperature and Time on The Characteristics of Blue Pea Flower Tea (Clitoria ternatea L.). J Ilmu dan Teknol Pangan. 2020;9(3):327.
Kushargina R, Kusumaningati W, Yunianto AE. The Effect of Form, Temperature, and Brewing Time on The Organoleptic Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Butterfly Pea Flower Herbal Tea (Clitoria ternatea L.). Gizi Indones. 2022;45(1):11–22.
Murphy TE, Walia K, Farber JM. Safety aspects and guidance for consumers on the safe preparation, handling and storage of kombucha - a fermented tea beverage. Food Prot Trends. 2018;38(5): 329-337.
Watawana MI, Jayawardena N, Gunawardhana CB, Waisundara VY. Health, Wellness, and Safety Aspects of the Consumption of Kombucha. J Chem. 2015;1–11.
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Kombucha Brewing & Bottling Guidelines: Hazard Concerns & Preventive Controls for Safety. Kombucha Brewing and Bottling Guidelines. 2017.
Fadillah F, Hariadi H, Kusumiyati, Rezaldi F, Setyaji DY. Karakteristik Biokimia dan Mikrobiologi pada Larutan Fermentasi Kedua Kombucha Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L) sebagai Inovasi Produk Bioteknologi Terkini. Biogenerasi. 2022;7(2):19–34.
Muaja AD, Koleangan HSJ, Runtuwene MRJ. Uji Toksisitas dengan Metode BSLT dan Analisis Kandungan Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Soyogik (Saurauia bracteosa DC) dengan Metode Soxhletasi. J MIPA. 2013;2(2):115.
Kaligis MIG, Mokosuli YS. Characteristics and flavonoids Content of Honey Apis dorsata Binghami from The Manembo Forest of South Minahasa. J Biol Trop. 2022;22(4): 1420-1430.
Kozyra M, Biernasiuk A, Antonik R, Malm A, Zgórka G. The phytochemical and antimicrobial examination of phenolic acids contained in extracts from four marrubium species. Acta Pol Pharm - Drug Res. 2018;75(4): 937-950.
Andriani D, Murtisiwi L. Antioxidant Activity Test of 70% Ethanol Extract of TelangFlower (Clitoria ternatea L) from Sleman Area with DPPH Method. Pharmacon J Farm Indones. 2020 Jun 30;17(1):70–6.
Elisya Y, Cartika H, Rizkiana A. Antioxidant Activity And Total Phenolic Content Of Date Palms Syrup (Phoenix dactylifera L). SANITAS J Teknol dan Seni Kesehat. 2017; 8(1): 63-71.
Shukla R, Pandey V, Vadnere GP, Lodhi S. Role of flavonoids in Management of Inflammatory Disorders. 2nd ed. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases. Elsevier Inc.2019; 293–322.
Diez-Ozaeta I, Astiazaran OJ. Recent advances in Kombucha tea: Microbial consortium, chemical parameters, health implications, and biocellulose production. Int J Food Microbiol. 2022;377:1-14.
Suhardini PN, Zubaidah E. Study of Antioxidant Activity On Various Kombucha Leaves During Fermentation. J Pangan dan Agroindustri. 2016;4(1):221–9.
Bhattacharya A, Pal B, Mukherjee S, Roy SK. Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric variables by multivariate analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1): 1045.
Hügel HM. Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for Amyloidogenic Diseases. Vassallo N, editor. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2015; 95–116.
Chen L, Cao H, Xiao J. Polyphenols. In: Polyphenols: Properties, Recovery, and Applications. Elsevier. 2018; 45–67.
Badarinath A V., Mallikarjuna Rao K, Madhu Sudhana Chetty C, Ramkanth S, Rajan TVS, Gnanaprakash K. A review on In-vitro antioxidant methods: Comparisions, correlations and considerations. Int J PharmTech Res. 2010;2(2):662-674
Phongpaichit S, Nikom J, Rungjindamai N, Sakayaroj J, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Rukachaisirikul V, et al. Biological activities of extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;51(3):517–525.
Apriani S, Pratiwi FD. Antioxidant Activity of Butterfly Flower Extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) Using the Dpph Method (2,2 Dipheny1 1-1 Pickrylhydrazyl). J Ilm Kohesi. 2021;5(3):83–89.
Mathew S, Abraham TE, Zakaria ZA. Reactivity of phenolic compounds towards free radicals under in vitro conditions. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(9):5790-5798.
Rukman MS, Haerussana ANEM. The effect of different sweeteners on the free radical scavenging activities, alcohol contents, sugar reductions, and hedonic properties of green tea kombucha. Pharm Sci Asia. 2023;50(1):51–58.
Julizan N. Validation of Antioxidant Activity Determination By DPPH Methode. Kandaga– Media Publ Ilm Jab Fungsional Tenaga Kependidikan. 2019;1(1): 41-45.
Dewi I, Chodidjah C, Atina H. Evaluation of Clitoria ternatea L. Flower Extract in Preventing Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023;7(10): 4908-4911.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
