Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Psidium guajava Ethanol Leaf Extract Creams: doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i12.17

Sinodukoo E. Okafo; Felix O. Enwa; Olayemi Amusile

Authors

Sinodukoo E. Okafo Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Felix O. Enwa Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Olayemi Amusile Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria

Keywords:

Psidium guajava, Creams, Ethanol extract, Antimicrobials

Abstract

Psidium guajava is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family Mytaceace. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial property of creams formulated using the ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf. The powdered dried Psidium guajava leaf was extracted using cold maceration. The extract was concentrated and evaluated based on antimicrobial activity using test organisms; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Apergillus niger and Candida albicans. Herbal creams were formulated using the extract and they were evaluated based on antimicrobial and physicochemical properties.Percentage yield for the extract was 53.4%w/w. The pH of the creams ranged from 5.1 to 6.4 while the viscosity ranged from 40000 to 77500 mPas. The spreadability was from 2.5±0.14 cm to 4.75±0.35 cm. The creams had good homogeneity and they were stable after three months accelerated stability study. The extract inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 3.125 mg/ml with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 6 to 19 mm and Candida albicans at 25 mg/ml with IZD of 6 to 9 mm. The extract had no activity against Aspergillus niger at the tested concentrations (3.125 to 100 mg/ml). The IZD for the creams against the test bacteria ranged from 3.0±0.00 to 16±1.41 mm while IZD against Candida albicans was between 4.5±0.71 and 7.0±1.41 mm. The creams had no antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. This study showed that the extract and the formulated creams exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the test organisms with the exception of Aspergillus niger.

References

Emencheta SC, Enweani IB, Oli AN, Okezie UM, Attama AA. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of fractions of plant parts of Pterocarpus santalinoides Biotechnol J Int. 2019; 23(3):1-11.

Abdulqawi LNA, Quadri SA. In vitro antibacterial activities of extracts of Yemeni plants Myrtus communis L. and Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2021; 12(2):956-962.

Nazifi AB, Ahmed A, Hassan FI, Mohammed N, Danbala AA, Odoma S. Comparative anticonvulsant activity of leaf, stem bark and root bark extracts of Bombax costatum Pellegr. and Vuillet in acute models of epilepsy. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020; 4(10):844-849.

Oniha IM, Eni OA, Akinola OO, Omonigbehin AE, Olorunshola JF. Antifungal activity of Telfaira occidentalis extracts on some phytopathogenic fungi isolated from Carica papaya. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020; 4(11):976-980.

Akaniro EN, Ibe MI, Engwa GA. Polyphenol content and in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous-ethanol extracts of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Pterocarpus santalinoides. Glob J Med Res (B). 2018; 18(2):1-8.

Hartiada LY and Sahamastuti AAT. Protective effect of Caesalpinia sappan L. extract against H2O2-induced oxidative stress on HaCaT and its formulation as antioxidant cream. J Res Pharm. 2020; 24(4):508-517.

Rafi M, Meitary N, Septaningsih DA, Bintang M. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Guazuma ulmifolia leaves extracts using different solvent extraction. Indones J Pharm. 2020; 31(3):171-180

Okafo SE, Moke EG, Obi CS. Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Tablets Containing Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds. J Pharm Allied Sci. 2019; 16(5):3167-3176.

Arsalan SA, Mahmood SB, Ali SR, Begum A, Ismail MD, Siddiq A. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-ulcer activity of Smilax perfoliata Linn. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015; 6(6):2491-2495.

Giri MA and Bhalke RD. Formulation and evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory herbal gel. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019; 12(7):252-255.

Chandrasekar R, Priyanka K, Sakhira K, Sreeprada K, Harshita K, Haripriya B, Niranjan Babu M. Formulation and stability evaluation of natural preservatives in polyherbal skin care cream. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci. 2018; 7(3):2999-3005.

Naseer S, Hussain S, Naeem N, Pervaiz M, Rahman M. The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava(guava). Clin Phytosci. 2018; 4(32):1-8.

Daswani PG, Gholkar MS, Birdi TJ. Psidium guajava: A single plant for multiple health problems of rural Indian population. Phcog Rev. 2017; 11(22):167-174.

Prabu GR, Gnanamani A, Sadulla S. Guaijaverin -- a plant flavonoid as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans, J Appl Microbiol. 2006; 101(2):487-495.

Qadan F, Thewaini AJ, Ali DA, Afifi R, Elkhawad A, Matalka KZ. The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts to acne-developing organisms, Am J Chin Med. 2005; 33(2):197-204.

Okwu DE and Ekeke O. Phytochemical screening and mineral composition of chewing sticks in South Eastern Nigeria. Global J Pure Appl Sci. 2003; 9(2):235-238.

Kumar M, Tomar M, Amarowicz R, Saurabh V, Nair MS, Maheshwari C, Sasi M, Prajapati U, Hasan M, Singh S, Changan S, Rakesh Kumar Prajapat RK, Berwal MK, Satankar V. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Bioactivities. Foods. 2021; 10(752):1-20.

Ojewole JAO. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rats and mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 28(7):441-446.

Ahmed RS and Yagoub AO. In vitro anti-microbial activity of Psidium guajava extracts. Res J Microbiol. 2007; 2(11):845-850.

Shirur DS, Adhikari R, Sanjay ST, Sajjekhan S. A review on the medicinal plant Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae). J Drug Deliv Ther. 2013; 3(2):162-168.

Sanches NR, Cortez DAG, Schiavini MS, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. An Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Psidium guajava (L.). Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2005; 48(3):429-436.

Goncalves FA, Neto MA, Bezerra JNS, Macrae A, Viana de Sousa O, Fonteles-Filho AA, Vieira RHSF Antibacterial activity of guava, Psidium guajava Linnaeus, leaf extracts on diarrhea-causing enteric bacteria isolated from seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller). Rev Inst Med Trop S. Paulo. 2008; 50(1):11-15

Biswas B, Rogers K, Mclaughlin F, Daniels D, Yadav A. Antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on two gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Int J Microbiol. 2013; 2013(1):1-7.

Salunkhe A, Ghumre S, Shirke S, Nikam S, Kadam V. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava and Manilkara zapota against human pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018; 9(9):3944-3948.

Ordu JI, Sunday BR, Okafo SE. Evaluation of the Activity of Garcinia Kola Seed Oil and Honey on Skin Cream Formulation. Pharm Innov. 2018; 7(5):675-681.

Okokon JE, Udobang JA, Davies K, Edem UA, Bassey AI. Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Saccharum officinarum. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021; 5(6):1142-1145.

Okafo SE, Anie CO, Nwanua MC. Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Topical Creams from Ethanol Extract of Vernonia ambigua Leaves. Nig J Pharm Res. 2019, 15(2):249-255.

Obuotor TM, Kolawole AO, Adeyanju FO, Adewumi SS. Antimicrobial activity of Sida acuta, Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus muellerianus against microorganisms implicated in urinary tract infections. Ife J Sci. 2021;23(2):153-168.

The Pharmaceutical Codex. (11th ed.). London, Uk: The Pharmmaceutical Press, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office; 1979; 154-155p.

Sahoo SK, Samal AR, Mallick AA, Patra S, Senapati PC, Barrick BB. Estimation and evaluations of secnidazole. The Indian Pharm. 2006; 5:73-76.

Ashish A, Mohini K, Abhiram R. Preparation and evaluation of polyherbal cosmetics cream. Sch Res J. 2013; 5(1):83-88.

Gyawali R, Gupta RK, Shrestha S, Joshi R, Paudel PN. Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal cream containing Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Glycyrrhiza glabra L and Azadirachta indica A. Juss extracts to topical use. J Indian Inst Sci. 2020; 25(2):61-71.