A Cost-Effective Extraction Method for Improved Physicochemical, Rheological and Microbiological Properties of Grewia mollis gum
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i8.19
Keywords:
Microbiological, Rheology, Physicochemical, Extraction, Grewia mollisAbstract
Grewia gum is a versatile natural polymeric excipient and its preparation from Grewia mollis stem barks using chemicals and heat treatment may destroy useful phytochemical components and influence the physicochemical properties of the resultant product. There is a need to establish favourable processing and handling conditions to maintain the viscosity of Grewia mucilage throughout its shelf life. The study aimed to develop a simple and efficient technique to isolate Grewia gum from Grewia mollis stem barks and evaluate its organoleptic, physicochemical, microbial count and rheological profile. Grewia gum was prepared by aqueous maceration of stem barks of Grewia mollis. The successful isolation of reddish-brown Grewia gum was confirmed using FT-IR. The product yield was 67.7±1.9% w/w. The irregular shaped and rough-textured particles did not compromise its flowability (CI 15.3 ± 1.7%, HR 1.18±0.02, and AOR 17.6 ± 0.7o). Grewia gum displayed swelling index: 8.3 ± 2.1%; moisture content: 8.8 ± 0.8%; total microbial count 65 ± 1 CFU/g and pathogenic organisms were absent. Phytochemical constituents include Saponins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, triterpenoids, phenols, and carbohydrates. The highest mucilage viscosity of 4458 ± 33 mPas was obtained at 25oC, 10 rpm while 1431 ± 20 mPas was the lowest viscosity recorded at 45oC, 60 rpm under acidic conditions. Its satisfactory swelling index suggested its usefulness to formulate controlled release dosage forms. A new and costeffective technique has been identified to extract Grewia gum. Grewia gum is a valuable substitute to synthetic and semi-synthetic polymeric excipients for pharmaceutical applications.
References
Koo O. Application changes and examples of new excipients in advanced drug delivery systems. Am Pharm Rev. 2011; 14:60-68.
Ogaji IJ, Nep EI, Audu-Peters J. Advances in natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Pharm Anal Acta. 2012; 1:1-16.
Kolhe S, Kasar T, Dhole SN, Upadhye M. Extraction of mucilage and its comparative evaluation as a binder. Am J Adv Drug Deliv. 2014; 2(3):330-343.
Gilbert L, Picard C, Savary G, Grisel M. Rheological and textural characterization of cosmetic emulsions containing natural and synthetic polymers: Relationship between both data. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2013; 421:150-163.
Nep EI and Conway B. Characterization of Grewia Gum, a potential pharmaceutical excipient. J Excipient Food Chem. 2010; 1(1):30-39.
Okafor IS and Chukwu A UK. Some physicochemical properties of Grewia gum. Nig J Polym Sci Technol. 2001; 2(1):161-167.
Brookfield Engineering labs Inc. More solutions to sticky problems. A guide to getting more from your Brookfield viscometer. [Online]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 10]. Available from: www.brookfieldengineering.com/- /media/ametekbrookfield/tech sheets/more solutions
pdf?la=en.
Martins E, Christiana I, Olobayo K. Effect of Grewia gum on the mechanical properties of paracetamol tablet formulations. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 2(1):1-6.
Nep EI and Okafor IS. Evaluation of the bioadhesive property of Grewia gum in indomethacin tablet formulation in pig gastric mucus. J Pharm Bioresour. 2007; 3(2):62-69.
Ogaji IJ and Hoag SW. Effect of Grewia gum as a suspending agent on ibuprofen pediatric formulation. AAPS PharmSci Tech. 2011; 12(2):507-513.
Ogaji I and Okafor IS. Potential of Grewia gum as film coating agent: Some physicochemical properties of coated praziquantel tablets. Int J Pharm Res. 2011; 3(2):16-19.
Choudhary PD and Pawar HA. Recently Investigated Natural Gums and Mucilages as Pharmaceutical Excipients: An Overview. De Simone G, ed. J Pharm. 2014; 2014:204849 (1-9).
Kpodo FM, Agbenorhevi JK, Alba K, Kontogiorgos V. Emulsifying properties of Ghanaian Grewia gum. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2020; 55(5):1909-1915.
Sambo S, Olatunde A, Shaltoe S. Phytochemical Screening and Mineral Analysis of Grewia mollis Stems Bark. Int J Biochem Res Rev. 2015; 6(2):75-81.
Nep EI and Conway BR. Grewia gum 1: Some mechanical and swelling properties of compact and film. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011; 10(4):385-392.
Ogaji IJ, Okafor IS, Hoag S. Grewia gum as a potential aqueous film coating agent: Some physicochemical characteristics of fractions of grewia gum. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013; 5(1):53-60.
US Pharmacopeia. Bulk Density and Tapped Density of Powder - Stage 6 Harmonization. USP Convent. 2015; 616:1-3.
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. (2nd ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd, Sunshine House; 1993. 281-285 p.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. Official Methods of Analysis, 21st ed. Gaithersburg, USA; 2019.
US Pharmacopeia. Microbiological attributes of nonsterile nutritional and dietary supplements (Table 2). Microbial limit [Online] 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 22]. Available from: http://ftp.uspbpep.com/v29240/usp29nf24s0_c2023.html.
Vendruscolo CW, Ferrero C, Pineda EAG, Silveira JLM, Freitas RA, Jimenez-Castellanos MR, Bresolin TMB. Physicochemical and mechanical characterisation of galactomannan from Mimosa scabrella: Effect of drying method. Carbohydr Polym. 2009; 76(1):86-93.
Alobo AP and Arueya G. Physical , functional and chemical properties of Grewia venusta (ururu) mucilage extract. Int Food Res J. 2017; 24:2107-2115.
Haile TG, Sibhat GG, Molla F. Physicochemical Characterization of Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich Mucilage for Potential Use as a Pharmaceutical Excipient. BioMed Res Int. 2020; 2020:1-10.
Hadjittofis E and Heng JYY. Interfacial Phenomena: Developing Solid Oral Dosage form. (2nd ed.) LisbonHeidelberg; 2017. 1-30 p.
Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Owen SC. handbook of pharmaceutical excipients (5th ed.). London: The Pharmaceutical Press; 2006. 795 p.
Emery E, Oliver J, Pugsley T, Sharma J, Zhou J. Flowability of moist pharmaceutical powders. Powder Technol. 2009; 189:409-415.
Bravo-Osuna I, Ferrero C, Jimenez-Castellanos MR. Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of methyl methacrylate-starch copolymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007; 66:63-72.
Diez-Pena E, Quijada-Garrido I, Barrales-Rienda JM. Hydrogen-bonding effects on the Dynamic Swelling of P(N-iPAAm-co-MAA) Copolymers - A case of Autocatalytic Swelling Kinetics. Macromol. 2002; 35(23):8882-8888.
Razavi M, Nyamathulla S, Karimian H, Noordin MI. Novel swellable polymer of orchidaceae family for gastroretentive drug delivery of famotidine. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2014; 2014(8):1315-1329.
Parodi B, Russo E, Gatti P, Cafaggi S, Bignardi G. Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive tablets using a new model substrate for bioadhesion measures: the eggshell membrane. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999; 25:289-295.
Loggia RD, Tubaro A, Sosa S, Becker H, Saar S, Isaac O. The Role of Triterpenoids in the Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of Calendula officinalis Flowers. Planta Med. 1994; 60(6):516-520.
Salah W, Miller N, Pagauga G, Tybury G, Bolwell E, Rice E, Evans C. Polyphenolic flavonoids as scavenger of aqueous phase radicals and chain breaking oxidants. Arch Biochem. 1995; 2:239-346.
Louppe D, Oteng-Amoako AA, Brink M. Timbers. In: Lemme RHMJ, Oyen LPA, Cobbinah JR (Eds.). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Leiden, Netherland: Backhuys: 2008. 299 p.
Cui SW. Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties and Applications. (1st ed.). Florida: Boca Raton: CRC press, Taylor & Francis; 2005. 183-185 p.
Hoag S, Peng X, Ogaji I, Okafor I. Effect of pH on the viscosity of Grewia mucilage. Chron Young Sci. 2012; 3(2):141.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
