Preliminary Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Methanol Leaf Extract of Ficus asperifolia Miq
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i3.5
Keywords:
Ficus asperifolia, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesia,, NociceptionAbstract
Ficus asperifolia is used traditionally in most African countries for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, pain, tumours and infertility. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of methanol leaf extract of Ficus asperifolia in rodents. The extract was subjected to phytochemical and acute toxicity tests. Anti-inflammatory (using carrageenan-induced paw oedema test) and analgesic studies (using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin tests) were conducted on the extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose of Ficus asperifolia was estimated to be 3800 mg/kg in mice. The extract at all the tested doses significantly (p<0.05) decreased the mean paw oedema induced by carrageenan when compared to control. It also offered 20.98% inhibition of writhing behaviour above piroxicam (positive control) at 1000 mg/kg. In the hot plate test, Ficus asperifolia extract significantly (p<0.05) increased the mean reaction time at all the tested doses. Similarly, the extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced the paw licking time in both phases of the formalin test with a peak activity (>50% inhibition of pain) at 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the results obtained revealed that methanol leaf extract of Ficus asperifolia possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
References
Cragg GM and Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013; 1830: 3670-3695.
Adebayo SA, Dzoyem JP, Shai LJ, Eloff JN. The anti- inflammatory and antioxidant activity of 25 plant species used traditionally to treat pain in southern African. BMC Compl Alt Med. 2015; 15:1-10.
Seo E, Efferth T, Panossian A. Curcumin down regulates expression of opioid-related nociceptin receptor gene (OPRL1) in isolated neuroglia cells. Phytomed. 2018; 50:285-299.
Oguntibeju OO. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities from selected countries and regions of Africa. J Inflamm Res. 2018; 11:307-317.
Paliwal SK, Sati B, Faujdar S, Sharma S. Studies on analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities of stem and roots of Inula cuspidata
C.B Clarke. J Trad Compl Med. 2017; 7:532-537.
Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, Buenaventura R, Adlaka R, Sehgal N, Glaser SE, Vallejo R. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Phys. 2008; 11:105-120.
Burkill HM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Vol. 4 2nd edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond; 1997. 293 p.
Ojo OA, Ojo AB, Ajiboye B, Fadaka A, Imiere OD, Adeyonu O, Olayide I. Protective Influence of Ficus asperifolia Miq leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced testicular toxicity in rat’s testes. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016; 6:37-41.
Watcho P, Ngadjui E, Alango NP, Benoit NT, Kamanyi A. Reproductive effects of Ficus asperifolia (Moraceae) in female rats. Afr Health Sci. 2009; 9:49-53.
Raji Y, Oyeyemi WA, Shittu ST, Bolarinwa AF. Gastro- protective effect of methanol extract of Ficus asperifolia bark on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Nig J Physiol Sci. 2011; 26:43-48.
Watcho P, Ngadjui E, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Nguelefack TB, Kamanyi A. Evaluation of in-vitro uterotonic activities of fruit extracts of Ficus asperifolia in rats. Evid Based Compl Altern Med. 2011; 783413:1-7.
Omoniwa BP, Luka CD. Antidiabetic and toxicity evaluation of aqueous stem extract of Ficus asperifolia in normal and alloxan- induced diabetic albino rats. Asian J Exp Biol Sci. 2012; 3:726-732.
Omoniwa BP, Luka CD, Soji-Omoniwa O. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ficus asperifolia on cardiac enzymes and lipid profile in male albino rats. J Med Sci. 2013; 13:373-378.
Ojo OA, Akintayo CO. Assessment of antioxidant activity of Ficus asperifolia Miq aqueous extract - In vitro studies. J Phytopharm. 2014; 3:16-21.
Lawal OA, Adebayo MA, Sikiru AA, Ogunwande IA. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ficus asperifolia Miq. and Ficus capensis Thunb from Nigeria. J Essential Oil-Bearing Plants. 2016; 19:1693-1700.
Watcho P, Meli WH, Wankeu-Nya M, Ngadjui E, Deeh DP, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Nguelefack TB, Kamanyi A. Androgenic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ficus asperifolia in male Wistar rats. BMC Compl Altern Med. 2017; 17:1-9.
Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. (16th ed). London, U.K. Elsevier; 2009. 133-148 p.
Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983; 54:275-287.
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenan induced oedema in hind paw of rats as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962; 111:544-547.
Abubakar A, Danjuma NM, Odoma S, Nazifi AB. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium tubers. J Pharm Biores. 2016; 13:155-162.
Koster R, Anderson M, Beer. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed Proc EJ. 1959; 18: 412-416.
Eddy NB, Leimbach DJ. Synthetic Analgesic II-Dithienbutyl and Dithienyl butylamine. J Pharmacol Exper Therap. 1953; 107(3):385-393.
Dubuisson D and Dennis SR. The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain. 1977; 4:161-174.
Tjølsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992; 51: 5-17.
Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987; 30:103-114.
Khanavi M, Delnavazi M, Ni-Koui V, Ostadhadi S, Bakhtiarian A. Evaluation of analgesic effect of hydroalcohol extract of Murrubium parviflorum by formalin test in mice. Asian J Plant Sci. 2012; 11: 96-99.
Saibabu V, Fatima Z, Khan LA, Hameed S. Therapeutic potential of dietary phenolic acids. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2015; 823539:1- 10.
Nucci-Martins C, Nascimento LF, Venzke D, Brethanha LC, Sako AVF, Oliveira AS, Brighente IMC, Micke GA, Pizzolatti MG, Santos ARS. Antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract and isoflavone isolated from Polygala molluginifolia in mice: evidence for the involvement of opioid receptors and TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels. Phytomed. 2016; 23:429-440.
Aniszewski T. Definition, Typology and Occurrence of Alkaloids. Elsevier, Boston, MA, USA. 2015. 1-97 p.
Zhang JY, Gong N, Huang JL, Guo LC, Wang, YX. Gelsemine, a principal alkaloid from Gelsemium sempervirens Ait., exhibits potent and specific antinociception in chronic pain by acting at spinal α3 glycine receptors. Pain. 2013; 154:2452-2462.
Huang Q, Mao X-F, Wu H-Y, Li T-F, Sun M-L, Liu H, Wang Y- X. Bullatine A stimulates spinal microglial dynorphin A expression to produce anti-hypersensitivity in a variety of rat pain models. J Neuroinflamm. 2016; 13:214.
Dutra RC, Simão da Silva KAB, Bento AF, Marcon R, Paszcuk AF, Meotti FC, Pianowski LF, Calixto JB. Euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene produces antinociceptive effects in inflammatory and neuropathic pain: The involvement of cannabinoid system. Neuropharmacol. 2012; 63:593-605.
Subramanian K, Sankaramourthy D, Gunasekaran M. Toxicity studies related to medicinal plants. In: Mandal SC, Mandal V, Konishi T (Eds). Natural Products and Drug Discovery: An Integrated Approach. U.K.: Elsevier; 2018. 491-505 p.
Clemedson C, Barile FA, Chesne C, Cottin M, Curren R, Eckwall B, Ferro M, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Imai K, Janus J, Kemp RB, Kerszman G, Kjellstrand P, Lavrijsen K, Logemann P, McFarlane-Abdulla E, Roguet R, Segner H, Thuvander A, Walum E, Ekwall B. MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity. Part VII. Prediction of human toxicity by results from testing of the first 30 reference chemicals with 27 further in vitro assays. ATLA. 2000; 28:159-200.
Colerangle JB. Preclinical development of nononcogenic drugs (Small and large molecules). (2nd ed). In: Faqi AS (Ed). A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development. U.K.: Academic Press, 2017. 659-683 p.
Loomis TA, Hayes AW. Loomis’s essentials of toxicology. (4th ed), California: Academic press; 1996. 17-32 p.
Makni S, Tounsi S, Rezgui F, Trigui M, Bouassida KZ. Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. ethyl acetate fractions effects on inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers in carrageenan induced paw oedema in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 234: 216-224.
Xu Q, Wang Y, Guo S, Shen Z, Wang Y, Yang L. Anti- inflammatory and analgesic activity of aqueous extract of Flos populi. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 152:540-545.
Abdelwahab SI, Koko WS, Taha MME, Mohan S, Achoui M, Abdulla MA, Mustafa MR, Ahmad S, Noordin MI, Yong CL, Sulaiman MR, Othman R, Hassan AA. In vitro and in vivo anti- inflammatory activities of columbin through the inhibition of cycloxygenase-2 and nitric oxide but not the suppression of NF- κB translocation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011; 678:61-70.
Rangel RAS, Marinho BG, Fernandes PD, Moura RS, Lessa MA. Pharmacological mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine in mice. Fund Clin Pharmacol. 2012; 28(1):104-113.
Vogel HG. Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays. (3rd ed). Berlin, Germany. Springer-Verlag; 2008. 1013- 1031 p.
Gupta AK, Parasar D, Sagar A, Choudhary V, Chopra BS, Garg R, Ashish, Khatri N. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of gelsolin in acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion and carrageenan induced paw edema in mice. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10:1-16.
Pavin NF, Donato F, Cibin FW, Jesse CR, Schneider PH, de Salles HD, Soares LD, Alves D, Savegnago L. Antinociceptive and anti-hypernociceptive effects of Se-phenyl thiazolidine-4- carboselenoate in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011; 668:169-176.
Gholami M, Saboory E, Mehraban S, Niakani A, Banihabib N, Azad M, Fereidoni J. Time dependent antinociceptive effects of morphine and tramadol in the hot plate test: using different methods of drug administration in female rats. Iranian J Pharm Res. 2015; 14:303-311.
Lee IO, Kong MH, Kim NS, Choi YS, Lim SH, Lee MK. Effect of different concentrations and volumes of formalin on pain response in rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Sinica. 2000; 38: 59-64.
Fischer M, Carli G, Raboisson P, Reeh P. The interphase of the formalin test. Pain. 2014; 155:511-521.
Maina GS, Kelvin JK, Maina MB, Muriithi NJ, Kiambi MJ, Umar A, John MK, Ann NW, David MN, Piero NM. Antinociceptive properties of dichloromethane: methanolic leaf and root bark extracts of Carissa edulis in rats. J Phytopharmacol. 2015; 4:106-112.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
