Acute (One-Hour) Inhalation toxicological study of Cashew Nut Shell (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) Fumes in Wistar Rats and Exotic Cockerel Chickens
Main Article Content
Abstract
Local folks have reported that roasting cashew nuts has fatal effects on domestic birds, especially chickens. This study compared the toxicological effect of acute (one-hour) inhalation of cashew nutshell fumes (CNSF) in Cockerel chickens and Wistar rats. Twenty-four mixed-sex Wistar rats were divided into four groups; control, rats exposed to 500ppm/hr., 1250ppm/hr. and 2500ppm/hr. of CNSF for one (1) hour. The chickens were also divided into three groups of 6 chickens each; control (unexposed chickens), chickens exposed to 500ppm/hr. and 1000ppm/hr. of CNSF for one (1) hour. Hematological analysis as well as histological examinations of the lungs and heart of the Chickens and Rats were carried out. After one hour of exposure, the toxicity signs noted include; scratching, twitching, irregular breathing, and tremors. All rats exposed to 2500ppm/hr of CNSF died with moderate pulmonary congestion. Analysis of hematological parameters in the surviving animals showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in hemoglobin (Hb%), packed cell volume (PCV%) and white blood cells (WBCx109L) counts in both chickens and Wistar rats exposed to CNSF compared with the unexposed control groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found between male and female rats for all the hematological parameters measured. The results also showed species-specific variations in all the hematological parameters. Histopathological evaluation reflects a mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of the striated heart muscles and the septa of alveoli in the lungs. These results further highlight the possible adverse health effects of exposure to cashew nut fumes in animals and humans.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Agboola-Adedoja MO, Adelusi AA, Ogunwolu QA, Ugwu CA, Alli MA, Adesanya KA and Akinpelu AO. Cashew production, consumption and utilization: Implication on health of end users. World J of Adv Res and Rev, 2022; 14(01), 182–186
Nkwocha CC, Uchendu ON, Amujiri NA. Phytochemicals and Chemical Compositions of Raw Cashew (Anarcardium occidantale) Nuts Sourced from Enugu State, South Eastern Nigeria. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020; 4(12):1039-1044. doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i12.3
Zarqa I, Muhammad A, Muhammad MS, Marium A, Muhammad D, Aamir S, Muhammad TK, Hina A, Fahad S, Muhammad R. Medicinal Uses of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale): Review J of Sci Tech and Res (JSTAR) (2021).2, (1) 1-10
Owumi SE, Fatoki JO, Gbadegesin MA and Odunola OA. Clastogenic and toxicological assessment of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut bark extracts in Wistar rats. ACTABIOCHIMICAPOLONICA Vol. 2015; 62 (3)563–567
Kumar PP, Paramashivappa R, Vithayathil PJ, Subba RPV and Srinivasa RA. Process for isolation of cardanol from technical cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid. J of Agric and Food Chem. 2002; 50:4705-4708.
Adriana D and Diogo PC. A Mini-Review on Almonds and Cashew Nuts: Processing Impact, Phytochemical and Microbiological Properties, and Implications on Human Health. American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022, 10(5), 233-238. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-10-5-4
Ikeda R, Tanaka H, Uyama H, and Kobayashi S. Synthesis and curing behaviors of cross-linkable polymer from cashew nut shell liquid. Polymer. 2002; 43:3475-3481.
Master A, Santosh KD, and Sachidananda P. Eco-Consciousness for Poisonous and Injurious Plants Among Urban Dwellers of Bhubaneswar, Orissa. J. Hum. Ecol. 2006; 19(4): 239-248
Makinwa TT, Ode TA, Alabi TD, Akinmosin BF, and Akeshinro AA. Toxicological evaluation of Exposure to Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seed fume on serum Methemoglobin, Carboxyhemoglobin, Sulphahemoglobin, and Lactate Dehydrogenase activities in Chickens. Biokemistri. 2019; 31(2) 53 – 62
Josino JB, Serra DS, Gomes MDM, Araújo RS, de Oliveira MLM and Cavalcante FSA. Changes of respiratory system in mice exposed to PM4.0 or TSP from exhaust gases of combustion of cashew nut shell. Envt toxicol and pharm. 2017; 56:1-9.
Fladimir LG, Gilvan RS, Daniel SS, Rinaldo SA, Mona Lisa MO and Francisco SÁC. Effects of Exposure to Total Particulate Matter of Cashew Nuts Shell in the Respiratory System of Mice with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Aust J of Bas and Appl Sci. 2019;13(1): 71-79.
Alabi TD, Brooks N I, and Oguntibeju OO. Antioxidant status and hepato-protective role of Anchomanes difformis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Herba Pol, 2020; 66(1):18-36
Gorguner M and Akgun M. Acute Inhalation Injury. EAJM. 2010; 42: 28-35
Ranney HM and Sharma V. Structure and Function of Hemoglobin. In Beutler E, Lichtman M et al (eds) William's Hematology (6th edition) McGraw Hill: 2000; pp. 345-353.
Bateman DN. "Carbon Monoxide". Med. 2003; 31 (10):233.
Makinwa TT, Ibiyemi DA, Alabi TD, Okunade MB, Oniwon WO, Adeusi TE Activities of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Methemoglobin, Carboxyhemoglobin and Sulphahemoglobin Concentrations in the Blood of Albino Rats Exposed to Cashew Seed Fume. Open Access Lib J. 2016; 3: 2284.
Sunyer J, Munoz A, Peng Y, Margolick J, Chmiel JS, Oishi J, Kingsley L, Samet JM. Longitudinal relation between smoking and white blood cells. Am. J. Epid. 1996; 144: 734-741.
Ayorinde AF, Oboh BO, Olutanjo OA, Alinba AC, and Odeigah PC. Some toxicological effects of commonly used mosquito repellant in Lagos State Nigeria. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 2014; 8 (1) 46-52
Aboderin FI and Oyetayo VO. Hematological studies of rats fed different doses of probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from fermenting corn slurry. Pak. J. Nutr. 2006; 5:102-105
Amakiri AO, Owen O and Iboh JI. Histopathology of the organs of broiler chickens exposed to flame and fumes of kerosene burning. Bulletin of animal health and production in Africa. 2010; 58; 268.
Ainsile G. Inhalational injuries produced by smoke and nitrogen dioxide. Respir Med 1993; 87: 169-74. 34.
Uche KO and Otimize FM. Modulation in Airway Smooth Muscle Reactivity and Improvement in Lung Function of Cigarette Smokers and Passive Non-smokers Following Garcinia kola Treatment: http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v1i4.7. Trop. J Nat. Prod. Res. (TJNPR) 2017; 1(5), 209–212.
Gino L. Diseases of Poultry; fungal infections. Avian Diseases Manual. 6th edition 2023; pp 1-2
Ou X and Ramos KS. Modulation of aortic protein phosphorylation by benzo(a)pyrene: implication in PAH-induced atherogenesis. J of Biochem Toxicol. 1992; 7(3)147-154
Movia D, Bruni-Favier S and Prina-Mello A. In vitro Alternatives to Acute Inhalation Toxicity Studies in Animal Models. A Perspective. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020; 8:549.
Hofmann W, Koblinger L and Martonen TB. Structural differences between human and rat lungs: implications for Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition. Health Phys. 1989; 57, 41–46
Katagi T and Fujisawa T. Acute toxicity and metabolism of pesticides in birds. J. Pestic. Sci.2021; 46(4) 305-321
Sanderfoot OV and Holloway T. Air pollution impacts on avian species via inhalation exposure and associated outcomes. Environ. Res. Lett. 2017; (12)083002